社会心理学家Stanley Milgram在1963年作过一个有名的心理学实验，实验地点是在耶鲁大学，对象是20-50岁之间各种教育背景。Milgram 在当地报纸上刊登实验广告，说实验是关于"记忆"的。实验当天，参加实验者被介绍给另外一个参与者（其实他是Milgram的“托儿”），并被告知在这个研究惩罚对记忆的影响的实验中他被选为“老师”，而那个“托儿”被选为“学生”。实验规则是，“学生”将接受“老师”的指导回答一系列记忆问题，如果答错，“老师”则要电击“学生”，以“加强记忆”。那么我们来重现一下当时的情景。
假设你就是那个“幸运”被选为“老师”的参与者。在实验开始之前，“学生”当着你的面抱怨自己有心脏病的历史，担心自己会经受不住电击；而实验者很确定的回答道，虽然痛苦，但是试验不会造成“永久性组织伤害”。之后实验者带领你和“学生”走进一间放着把样子恐怖的“电椅”（当然这是假的）的房间，并将“学生”牢牢绑在电椅上。然后实验者又带你走进隔壁的房间，里面放置着一个“电椅控制器”（这个也是假的），是用来控制电压的。只见这个机器上标有很恐怖的标签，分别表示从15-450V不同程度的电压模式："Slight shock", "Moderate", "strong", "very strong","Intense", "Danger: Severe Shock",直到最后一个模式大概是程度之大已经无法形容，干脆标上“XXX”。实验开始之前，实验者先让你尝了一下45伏的电压，使你心中有个概念。实验开始。学生每答错一道题，就要接受一次电击，而且每次电击程度都高过上一次。刚开的时候，你听见学生只是轻轻哼一声“呃”。到了120V，学生开始大叫，“嗨，这个真的很痛耶！” 到了150V，只听到他开始央求被释放：
“That's all! Get me out of here. I told you I had heart trouble. My heart's starting to bother me now. Get me out of here, please. My heart's starting to bother me. I refuse to go on. Let me out!"
这个时候如果你想要停止试验的话，实验者会鼓动你继续：“Please continue." 如果你不答应，他会说："
he experiment requires you to continue".如果你还是坚持，他会厉声说：“It is absolutely essential that you continue." 最终，他会要求：“You have no choice; you must go on"。如果你继续试验并增加伏特的话，学生的惨叫声会愈发痛苦和绝望。最终他会持续乞求，要求，尖叫：“Let me out of here. Let me out of here. My heart's bothering me. Let me out, I tell you. Let me out of here. Let me out of here. You have no right to hold me here. Let me out! Let me out! Let me out! Let me out of here! Let me out! Let me out!"
如果你还能够继续电击的话，情况会突然改变。当你发出下个电击的时候，学生的房间里什么声音都没有了。如果你问试验者你想看看学生怎么了，实验者会说:"Treat no response as a wrong response, and deliver the next higher level of shock"。最后的八个等级的电击（从“Danger”到“XXX”）中，学生的房间里再也没有传出一丝声音。以上是整个实验设计。当Milgram拿着试验报告让心理医师们猜测到底有多少参与者将电压一直加到最大幅度--450伏时，他们猜少于百分之四的参与者会在学生停止喊叫后继续，而0.01%的参与者会加到最大幅度。可惜他们都错了。>80%的参与者在叫喊声停止后继续电击，而又有65%的将电力加到最大幅度。无人在300V之前停止。Milgram的试验结果是惊人的，也是耐人寻味的。在穿着白大褂的科学家面前，参与者竟是不顾他人死活的如此的服从，虽然他们事后说自己当时有多么憎恶自己的行为，多么希望停止，他们拉电击棒的手是多么的颤抖，多么的汗湿…… 推而广之，也许邪教的传播，战争的屠杀，还有很多违反常理和人性的行为，好像就不是那么的难以理解了。抑或这就是人性？延伸阅读:當陌生的「暴民」遇上主流的論述──借米爾格爾的眼睛看世貿http://www.poppop.net/?name=articledtl&;ArticleID=393&CID=23英文阅读 by Stanley Milgram:Obedience to Authority The experiment by Stanley Milgramhttp://www.age-of-the-sage.org/p ... _experiment.htmlThe Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgramhttp://home.swbell.net/revscat/perilsOfObedience.html[stangl] test & experiment/experiment: beispielhttp://www.stangl-taller.at/TEST ... ilgram.htmlMilgrams Films 米尔格伦的影片http://www.stanleymilgram.com/films.phpMilgram was a man of many interests, a sort of neo-Renaissance man. One of his strongest interests, besides social psychology, was filmmaking. In fact, at the height of his academic career he took courses in filmmaking techniques. Altogether, he produced six educational films during his lifetime. All of them are available from Penn State Media Services. Their website is www.mediasales.psu.edu.His first film was the gripping black-and-white documentary, “Obedience.” It was shot at Yale in May, 1962, right after Milgram completed his series of experiments. Milgram made the film to provide visual evidence of his incredible findings.Between 1972 and 1976, he made five films together with Harry From, a graduate student in his Ph.D. program in social psychology at CUNY. Harry had had training and experience as a film director in Romania and Israel before coming to the U.S.Their first joint effort was “The City and the Self,” an award-winning film about the impact of city life on human behavior. This was followed by a series of four films about social psychology. They are:"Invitation to Social Psychology""Conformity and Independence""Human Aggression""Nonverbal Communication"
[ 本帖最後由 云壑斋主 於 2009-2-14 15:57 編輯 ] |
发表于 2009-2-15 08:56:27
发表于 2009-2-15 13:58:36